Communication
A diagnosis of autism does not rely on social irregularities alone. Autism is called a pervasive developmental disorder, and for a very good reason. Simply put, autism affects every aspect of an individual's life and experience set. One of the ways this is most apparent is in communication.
According to the DSM-IV (see Part 1 for link), the second set of criteria for a diagnosis of autism is "qualitative impairments in communication as manifested by at least one of the following:"
(a) delay in, or total lack of, the development of spoken language (not
accompanied by an attempt to compensate through alternative modes of communication such as gesture or mime)
(b) in individuals with adequate speech, marked impairment in ability to initiate or sustain a conversation with others
(c) stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic
language
(d) lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play or social imitative play appropriate to developmental level
Once again, I'm going to break this down:
"(a) delay in, or total lack of, the development of spoken language (not accompanied by an attempt to compensate through alternative modes of communication such as gesture or mime)"
Two of my three autistic children are primarily non-verbal. What this means is that they do not speak communicatively on a regular basis; when they do it is usually with a single word, or an indicative portion of a single word. For instance, Alex can say "Mama," however usually when he's saying "Mama" it is a reflexive action that has no apparent connection to me, his mother. However, upon rare occasion, he will be communicating with me, acknowledging my presence, my attention, my love and our mutual connection. Last night was such a time. Alex was sick yesterday and didn't recover at all that day. He felt sick when he woke up; he still felt when he went to bed. (He's fine today.) Last time when I tucked him and gave him extra snuggles, he said, "Mama" repeatedly. Usually he says this in a sort of "monotone." It's not truly a monotone, but it's a repetitive inflection and pitch that indicates he's doing some vocal
stimming. This time it was not said with the same pitch and inflection, but with hugs, eye contact and vocal variety. He was acknowledging that I was his Mama, and that he felt better with me there.
Imagine for a moment what it would be like to be full of feelings and thoughts, but unable to express them verbally. For those of us who take verbalizing our thoughts and feelings for granted, it's difficult to imagine. We can imagine ourselves in a foreign country where we don't speak the language, but that still doesn't properly correlate to autism. You see, were we in a foreign country, we'd mime and gesture our way to understanding. It wouldn't be easy, and we'd get frustrated, but if the other person was patient and willing, we could communicate. With autism, this ability is often absent as well.
It's not the
words themselves that are so difficult. It's often the concept of communication itself that is baffling. In my previous post I described to individuals looking at different pieces of art, and how an autistic individual would find it difficult to redirect themselves to the piece discussed by the other person. Now, imagine this was your normal situation. People are talking, making sounds that are symbolic of things, but symbolic of what? If you don't know how to make that shared connection of stimulus, how are you going to make things and words, or things and gestures, or even things and pictures connect in your mind. If you're looking at a ball and the other person is labeling a table, "Table. This is a table," and you don't notice and attune yourself to the item being labeled, you may associate the ball with the word table. With such inconsistencies being a constant in your world, then labels for items, words themselves, are not going to make much sense. It's going to be very difficult and frustrating to use words, or understand words.
Now, to explain why autistic individuals find it so difficult to use miming or gestures to compensation for their lack of a usable verbal repertoire, let's think about Charades. Anyone who's ever played the game knows that it is more difficult than simply speaking. A good game of Charades relies on several key components. First, the person miming needs to understand the subject matter. Try to imagine yourself communicating magnesium in the form of Charades. A chemist or biologist might be able to do it successfully, but most of us just don't know enough properties of magnesium to find a means to use gestures to communicate the word. For myself, I don't even know where it is on the Periodic Table of Elements without looking it up. Now, the second component is for your team members, those who are guessing the word, to have a similar understanding of the word. The third is for the gesticulator to effectively communicate this shared meaning. Without any of those key factors shared meaning, i.e. effective communication, is going to elude the team.
Since shared meaning already eludes individuals with autism, miming is out. If you don't understand what "bye-bye" is, the leaving of another individual or yourself, and you don't understand that waving indicates "bye-bye," and you don't understand that it is a socially appropriate behavior to wish a farewell with the wave of the hand, then you're not going to be able to learn the gesture
in context even though you can physically wave your hand.
"(b) in individuals with adequate speech, marked impairment in ability to initiate or sustain a conversation with others"
While my oldest child with autism is verbal, he does speak and he does speak fairly well (though he didn't when he was first diagnosed), he still has a lot of difficulty holding a conversation. For Willy, it isn't a lack of
words that's the problem, it's the lack of
context. Again, we return to shared meaning. While he understands the meaning of a great deal of words, he doesn't understand that everyone doesn't share the context that's within his own mind. Obviously, this isn't limited to individuals with autism by any means. I'm sure we can all think of a few examples, techno-babble and colloquialisms being frequent examples of miscommunication in our culture. However, most of us can correct these problems when the problem is brought to our attention.
Willy likes
YouTube. He especially likes watching episodes of a cartoon called
Monster Rancher on YouTube. One of the main characters in this cartoon is Holly. Willy loves Holly. According to Willy, he's going to marry her, and she's his sister, and she shares his birthday. Holly is very much akin to an imaginary friend. However, as much as Willy talks about Holly, he never mentions she's on Monster Rancher. When Willy started talking about Holly, I assumed she was a child from his class. I assume that he'd befriended a girl from school, and that they played together. His therapists thought the same thing. This went on for
weeks. Until finally, Mark (my husband) heard me and Willy talking about Holly, and told me where she's from...and then the things Willy was saying made more sense. (Not the part about her being his sister, though.) But, despite the obvious miscommunication for someone who understood the context, it never occurred to Willy to share
his context with those of us who didn't know.
This is frequent in Willy's case. And that context can be very elusive in and of itself. Willy assumes we share his context, or that shared context is unnecessary, or something to that affect, when in fact there's no shared context and effective communication is not happening.
Now, to clarify something,
Asperger Syndrome is a pervasive developmental disorder that is on the Autistic Spectrum, but doesn't carry the same inhibited communication that Willy used to have, and that Alex and Ben still do. They develop the ability to communicate, but much like Willy is now, understanding the social complexities and the shared context of holding a conversation often eludes them without specialized help or painful struggles to develop the abilities on their own.
"(c) stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language"
This probably refers to something called
echolalia. It is the use of words without the proper meaning attached to it. When Alex does his vocal stimming, he is occasionally exhibiting echolalia. However, Willy did this much more frequently. We would say something, and Willy would repeat it back to us, several times, without any apparent understanding. It also refers to generalizing words that are not generalizations. Ben, for example, calls all his stuffed animals, and even a few trains, Winnie the Pooh. He can say Winnie the Pooh. He likes Winnie the Pooh. And he says it of his dinosaur, Thomas the Train, and a myriad of other toys, stuffed or not.
"(d) lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play or social imitative play appropriate to developmental level"
I'm sorry, I shouldn't, but I tend to scoff at this one. There are two reasons for this: First, when Willy was diagnosed with autism his doctor told us, quite frankly, that he'd never speak or practice pretend play (i.e., make-believe play), right before he told us our son wasn't worth our efforts and that he should be institutionalized. Now Willy is telling us stories about all the adventures he's had with his imaginary cartoon sister, Holly. And, whether it's a good thing or not, I can't resist the pleasure of thumbing my nose at this doctor, though I tend to leave him unidentified.
The second reason is more difficult to explain. 1) I see it as misplaced. 2) It's difficult to assess. 3) I don't think it's altogether true. Individuals with autism who are unable to communicate effectively are "in their own world." Unless you make substantial efforts, you don't know what's going on in that world. Even if you make substantial efforts, you have to make the right efforts, and you still don't always know what's going on in their world. Who are we to say they're not playing make-believe? We don't know! Just because we can't recognize it as such, doesn't mean it's not happening. It's the whole shared context thing again. We don't share their context, but that does
NOT invalidate
their context.
Now, I'll step it down a notch or two and explain a little about what this means. Neurotypical children, i.e. "normal" children, play in certain, predictable,
recognizable ways. Little girls and little boys play house, they play war, they make dinosaurs roar and they build bridges out of blocks and have horses cross over the tops of them. All these are examples of "spontaneous make-believe play or social imitative play."
Autistic children often don't do these activities without being taught how. Yet, they do play, even if they don't play in neurotypical ways. Alex likes looking at objects. He holds them by his face and twists them around, looking at it from a variety of angles. Is this play? The psychologists tell me, "No, it's not." For some reason I don't quite understand, it doesn't count in their opinions. However, Alex smiles, laughs, giggles and gets excited when he does this. He sees something we don't. We don't know what that is. We don't understand. But that doesn't mean we can say for sure that he's not using his imagination. We can't even say for sure that he's not imitating something we've done or do on a consistent basis. We just don't know.
While Alex's therapists and our family do work hard to teach Alex "normal" ways of play, we do
NOT impede him from these activities he obviously enjoys, irregardless of our own lack of understanding. Alex
loves to do this. He
enjoys doing this. Who are we to take that away from him?
Now, at the beginning of this post, I said, "One of the ways this is most apparent is in communication." Autism is a pervasive disorder. It affects all areas of life. And, communication, or the lack thereof, is one of the most difficult challenges to overcome. You can
want to be social. You can
try to be social. However, if you cannot communicate, the barriers to socialization are virtually insurmountable. Ah, but I've got a secret...
Autistic individuals communicate regularly. They communicate in a variety of ways. They communicate through words, sounds, and vocal variety. They communicate through gestures and miming. They communicate through body language and actions. They communicate just as much, or nearly so, as the rest of us. Does it seem like I'm contradicting myself?
It shouldn't. I left the keys to these sensational (if you're typically-minded) statements throughout my post. You see, it's
NOT that autistic individuals don't communicate. The autistics individuals who
do communicate prove that. The thing is...autistic individuals do not communicate within
our shared context!
Alex, non-verbal child that he is, communicates all the time! It's up to those who are around him to decipher his communicative messages to share
his context. It's up to us to piece together the message and translate it to ourselves, and
then to find a way to translate the response back into
his context. It's hard work. It's frustrating. It often fails. But, it's worth it. Those precious moments of shared context are treasures of unimaginable worth and I cherish them. Some people find this to be more difficult than others, and some people, sadly, refuse to even try. However, this insistence that the autistic individual come into our world, our context to communicate basically slams the doors of communication in his/her face. Communication is a two-way street, and sometimes the more "able" people need to get over themselves enough to make the extra effort to make it happen.
What is Autism: Part 3, Behavioral Patterns, will be posted tomorrow.
